” The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began full operations in March by consolidating nearly 180,000 federal employees from nearly two-dozen agencies into a single cabinet-level department . ” The DHS would become one of the major funding sources of R&D . The DHS R&D portfolio would total $1.0 billion in FY 2004, a 50% jump from the $669 million for comparable programs in FY 2003 and nearly quadruple the FY 2002 funding level . 2 ” In FY 2003, DHS R&D would be mostly transfers of existing programs from the Departments of Agriculture (USDA), Defense (DOD), Energy (DOE), and Transportation (DOT), but in FY 2004 a new Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA) would fund extramural R&D. ” Bioterrorism R&D would stay in the National Institutes of Health (NIH), but DHS will have a priority-setting role .